Underarm Bowling 1981: The Ball That Rolled Away Cricket’s Soul

The series stood delicately balanced at 1–1. New Zealand had taken the first match, Australia the second. The third final of the Benson & Hedges World Series Cup was meant to decide momentum; instead, it interrogated the meaning of cricket itself.

Even before the last ball, the afternoon had begun to curdle.

Greg Chappell, Australia’s captain and fulcrum, had already been at the centre of controversy. On 58, he drove high and flat into the Melbourne outfield. Martin Snedden ran, dived, and claimed a catch that looked, and later proved, clean. Richie Benaud, watching live, called it “one of the best catches I have ever seen in my life.” Slow-motion replays reinforced the verdict. Snedden had cupped the ball above the turf.

The umpires disagreed.

In an era before television evidence could intervene, the decision stood. Some believed Chappell should have accepted Snedden’s word, invoking cricket’s old covenant of honour., Chappell insisted he was uncertain and within his rights to wait. He went on to score 90, before later walking when caught in a near-identical fashion, having seen the ball clearly held.

Already, the game had exposed a tension that would later snap: between what the law allowed and what the game expected.

Arithmetic, Exhaustion, and the Slippage of Control

Australia’s management of the closing overs betrayed an unusual disarray. Dennis Lillee, their premier bowler, completed his ten overs with the dismissal of John Parker. Richie Benaud later accused Chappell of “getting his sums wrong” by not reserving Lillee for the final over. Graeme Beard’s overs were similarly miscounted after a mid-field conference involving Chappell, Lillee, Kim Hughes and Rod Marsh failed to reconcile the arithmetic.

Trevor Chappell was left with the last over. New Zealand required 15.

Bruce Edgar, stranded at the non-striker’s end on 102 not out—an innings later called “the most overlooked century of all time “could only watch.

Trevor’s over was chaos in miniature: a boundary, Hadlee trapped lbw, two hurried doubles, Ian Smith bowled attempting a desperate heave. Suddenly, improbably, New Zealand needed six to tie. Seven to win was impossible. Six was not.

Under the laws of the time, a tie meant a replay.

The match was alive.

The Delivery

Greg Chappell, exhausted, overstimulated, and fielding the residue of a punishing season, made a decision that would outlive everything else he achieved in the game.

He instructed his brother to bowl underarm.

It was legal. That, ultimately, would be its most damning defence.

Underarm bowling existed in the laws like a fossil—permitted but obsolete, technically alive but spiritually extinct. It was against the regulations of several domestic one-day competitions, widely understood as unsporting, and never used in any serious context.

The umpires were informed. The batsmen were warned.

Trevor Chappell rolled the ball along the pitch like a bowls wood.

Brian McKechnie blocked it out, then flung his bat away in fury. Australia won by six runs. The New Zealanders walked off not defeated, but affronted.

In the confusion, Dennis Lillee remained fractionally outside the fielding circle. Technically, the delivery should have been a no-ball. Had the umpires noticed, the match would have been tied and replayed. They did not.

The law had spoken. The game had not.

Immediate Condemnation

Ian Chappell, commentating, instinctively cried out: *“No, Greg, no, you can’t do that.”*

Richie Benaud called it “disgraceful… one of the worst things I have ever seen done on a cricket field.”

The reaction crossed borders and institutions. New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon described it as “the most disgusting incident I can recall in the history of cricket,” branding it “an act of true cowardice.” Australia’s Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser called it “contrary to the traditions of the game.”

In the New Zealand dressing room, silence curdled into rage. Mark Burgess smashed a teacup against the wall. “Too angry for words,” recalled Warren Lees.

Cricket, usually insulated from politics, had forced its way into parliament.

Context, Not Excuse

Years later, Greg Chappell offered an explanation, not absolution. He spoke of exhaustion, of being mentally unfit to lead, of a season so relentless he had asked to leave the field mid-innings. Rod Marsh confirmed it. Chappell had spent overs on the boundary, overwhelmed by heat and pressure.

Chappell insisted the delivery was not about securing victory, Australia had already won, but about protest. A cry for attention against a system that, in his view, was grinding players down without listening.

If so, it was the worst possible articulation.

Cricket has always tolerated cunning. It has never forgiven contempt.

Afterlife of a Moment

The underarm incident changed the law. The ICC banned the delivery in one-day cricket, declaring it “not within the spirit of the game.” Few law changes have been so swift or so moral.

The memory lingered longer.

Chappell was booed relentlessly two days later, then scored a match-winning 87 to secure the series. In New Zealand, bowls woods were rolled onto the field when he batted. The incident entered folklore, parody, cinema, advertising, and comedy. Glenn McGrath later mimed an underarm delivery in a Twenty20, prompting Billy Bowden to theatrically flash a mock red card.

Brian McKechnie bore no lasting grudge, though he wished the moment would fade. Trevor Chappell, forever reduced to that one delivery, learned to laugh along. Greg Chappell accepted the stain would never lift.

Why It Still Matters

This was not an act of cheating. That distinction is important and insufficient.

It was worse.

It was an assertion that legality was enough.

Cricket, more than most games, has always rested on an unwritten compact: that the law sets the boundary, but honour defines the field. The underarm delivery shattered that balance. It revealed what happens when calculation replaces conscience, when winning becomes detached from meaning.

The match itself was forgettable. The moment was not.

On one February afternoon in 1981, the law won, the game lost, and cricket learned, painfully, that some victories cost more than defeat.

Thank You

Faisal Caesar

Massie’s Miracle: The Match that Turned the Ashes

In the long annals of Ashes cricket, few contests have turned on a performance so extraordinary, so unexpected, as the 1972 Lord’s Test—forever to be remembered as Massie’s Match. A 25-year-old debutant from Western Australia, Bob Massie didn’t merely announce himself to the world—he exploded into the cricketing imagination with figures of 16 for 137, a spellbinding exhibition of seam and swing that eclipsed all Australian Test bowling feats to that point. In the pantheon of debut miracles, only England’s J.C. Laker (19 for 90, 1956) and S.F. Barnes (17 for 159, 1913–14) stand taller.

But unlike those legends, Massie conjured his sorcery not from the depths of experience but from the hunger of first opportunity. On a Lord’s pitch still green and true, under skies swollen with moisture, Massie danced the ball both ways with late, devilish swing that brought England’s batting to its knees.

A Caution That Curdled

For England, it was a tale of timidity and tactical stumbles. Ray Illingworth, winning his seventh toss in a row, chose to bat on a surface ripe for fast bowling. The pitch offered carry, the air clung heavy with damp, and England’s caution soon congealed into paralysis. Boycott, Luckhurst, and Edrich succumbed for a paltry 28, and despite a brief act of defiance from Basil d'Oliveira and the spirited Tony Greig—who posted a third consecutive half-century—Massie’s persistent probing reduced England to 249 for seven by stumps on day one.

That score, respectable on paper, belied the rot that had set in. When Massie returned the next morning with the second new ball, the tail capitulated swiftly. His figures—8 for 84—were the second-best by a debutant in Test history. Only Fred Martin’s 8 for 52 on a rain-soaked Oval track in 1890 stood ahead. But unlike Martin, Massie wasn’t done.

Chappell’s Grace, Marsh’s Muscle

Australia, too, had early jitters. Both Francis and Stackpole fell cheaply to Snow and Arnold, and at 7 for 2, the match still lay in precarious balance. But the Chappell brothers restored calm, Ian with flair, Greg with patience. The captain led the resistance, hooking with trademark authority, while Greg’s vigil was an ode to restraint—three hours at the crease before his first boundary, a study in stoic accumulation.

The younger Chappell would go on to score a poised and polished century, an innings built not on flourish but foundation. His off-drives were elegant, his temperament flawless. Later, Rod Marsh ignited the innings with a fusillade of boundaries—two sixes and six fours in a 75-minute half-century—that propelled Australia into a narrow but vital lead of 36.

The Collapse and the Coup de Grâce

Then came Saturday—Ashes cricket’s day of reckoning.

In front of 31,000 spectators, England’s second innings dissolved into calamity. Geoffrey Boycott’s dismissal was a grotesque metaphor for the innings: a short ball from Lillee leapt into his ribcage, rebounded off his body and fell onto the stumps. England’s most dogged opener had been felled not by craft, but by a cruel trick of fate. It was as though the gods themselves had sided with Australia.

Lillee, newly disciplined and snarling with menace, and Massie, relentlessly metronomic, reduced England to 31 for five. The batters were hapless—Luckhurst groped blindly at pace, Edrich played at ghosts. Only Smith resisted, but even he stood like a lighthouse in a storm, solitary and fading.

By stumps, England were 50 ahead with one wicket standing. The match was effectively over. Massie’s second act—8 for 53—had elevated him into the realms of cricketing folklore. Only two men in history had taken eight wickets in each innings of a Test: Albert Trott and Alf Valentine. Massie, the debutant, joined that hallowed company.

Epilogue Under Grey Skies

The denouement was gentle and inevitable. England’s last-wicket pair scraped together 35, but Australia required just 81 runs to seal the win. Stackpole ensured there would be no drama, guiding his side home with quiet assurance.

As 7,000 spectators bore witness on the final day, the match tally rose to over 100,000 attendees. The gate receipts—£82,914—set a new world record for a cricket match, save possibly for India’s monumental gatherings.

But it was not money nor numbers that gave this Test its place in cricketing memory. It was the sudden arrival of a bowler who bowled with the breath of the clouds and the precision of a metronome. Bob Massie had not just won a match. He had, in four days, carved his initials into the granite of Ashes legend.

Thank You 

Faisal Caesar 

Greg Chappell: A Study in Elegance, Resilience, and Mental Mastery

The Chappell name in Australian cricket carries a legacy, not only because of the lineage extending from their grandfather, Victor Richardson, but because of the men who bore it. Ian and Greg Chappell, while living with the shadow of their famous ancestor, never lived in it. They carved their own stories—none more so than Greg, a batsman of silken elegance and iron resolve.

From his earliest days in Australian cricket, Greg Chappell exuded an aura of effortless grace at the crease. Yet, beneath the fluid stroke-play and the classical technique lay an analytical mind, constantly refining his approach to batting. His initiation into Test cricket was a baptism by fire—facing John Snow on a bouncy Perth wicket, enduring a prolonged struggle to get off the mark, before constructing a century of patience and precision. That innings set the template for a career that would be defined by the balance between artistry and pragmatism.

The Evolution of a Master Batsman

Chappell’s transformation into Australia’s premier batsman was not merely a product of innate talent but of introspection and adaptation. Early in his career, he fell into the trap that lures many gifted stroke-makers—playing too many shots, too soon. A critical article by Keith Butler forced a period of self-examination, leading to the development of his now-famous approach: absolute concentration on the ball at hand, a philosophy that later inspired the title of his autobiography, Fierce Focus.

Breaking his innings into mental segments, Chappell mastered the art of prolonged concentration. Between deliveries, he allowed himself to relax, maintaining a state of awareness rather than stress. The moment the bowler began his run-up, his focus tightened. This method allowed him to construct innings of epic proportions, such as the unbeaten 197 against a formidable World XI led by Garry Sobers.

The Ashes tour of 1972 was a defining chapter. With Australia in disarray at Lord’s, he built an innings of such control that, for three hours, he did not strike a single boundary. He played in a near-trance, eating alone in the dressing room rather than joining his teammates. It was this monastic devotion to batting that elevated him beyond mere talent into the realm of true greats.

Leadership and the Weight of Captaincy

If batting came to him as naturally as breathing, captaincy was a more complex challenge. When he succeeded his brother Ian as Australia’s leader, he inherited not just a cricket team but a battleground of egos, tensions, and an increasingly demanding cricket calendar.

His greatest triumph as captain came against the West Indies in 1975-76, where he scored a staggering 702 runs at an average of 117.00, leading Australia to a 5-1 victory over a team that included Andy Roberts, Michael Holding, and Lance Gibbs. His leadership was astute, his batting imperious. Yet, captaincy also hardened him. He became known for his no-nonsense approach, his sharp tongue as quick as his cover drive. Graham Yallop, a debutant in that series, learned the hard way that there was little room for sentiment under Greg Chappell’s leadership.

The pressures of leadership, however, took their toll. The 1981 season saw Chappell at his lowest ebb—seven ducks in the summer, his form deserting him, his energy drained. Even as he battled the world’s fastest bowlers, his greatest opponent became fatigued. The cricketing schedule had grown relentless; from a manageable 42 days of international cricket in 1976-77, he now faced 80 playing days within 100, a physically and mentally punishing grind.

Yet, like all great players, he found a way back. Rudi Webster, the West Indian team psychologist, pointed out a simple flaw—Chappell was no longer watching the ball as closely. With renewed focus, he returned to his best, piling up runs until his final Test.

Triumph, Tragedy, and the Pursuit of Perfection

For all his cricketing genius, Chappell’s career was punctuated by personal trials. The 1973 Brisbane floods devastated his home, forcing him to wade through knee-deep water, salvaging what little remained. Shortly afterward, his wife Judy suffered a miscarriage. In the wake of this trauma, Chappell played one of his most astonishing Tests—247 not out and 133 against New Zealand, sharing with Ian Chappell the unique feat of two brothers scoring centuries in each innings of a match.

Even as the game demanded more from him, he sought independence. Moving to Queensland as captain allowed him to forge his own identity, away from Ian’s shadow. It was an assertion of self, a declaration that Greg Chappell would not simply be Ian’s younger brother, but his own man.

His battles extended beyond the cricket field. The infamous Lillee-Miandad clash saw Chappell unwavering in his defense of his bowler, despite the footage favoring Miandad. Bill O’Reilly, an old family friend, distanced himself, remarking, “I don’t have eyes at the back of my head—unlike some others.”

And then there was the underarm incident. The moment that threatened to overshadow all else. It was a moment of desperation, a miscalculated decision in the heat of competition, yet one that forever altered his public image. From a revered batsman to a divisive figure—Greg Chappell learned the hard way that, in the court of public opinion, one misstep could redefine a career.

The Final Chapter: Walking Away on His Own Terms

Unlike many greats who struggle to let go, Chappell recognized the moment. In his final series against Pakistan, at Adelaide, he glanced at the clock and found himself longing for lunch, a feeling he had never known before. The game had ceased to hold him captive. It was time.

And yet, even in his farewell, he was meticulous. When he walked out in Sydney for his last innings, he was 68 runs short of Bradman. He made 182. He needed one more catch to break Colin Cowdrey’s world record. He took two. It was a farewell scripted by his own design, not dictated by time or decline.

His final Test numbers—7110 runs at 53.86, 24 centuries—cemented his legacy. His ODI record—2331 runs at 40.18, with a strike rate of 75.70—was formidable for its era. And his 72 wickets across formats hinted at an all-round ability that was never fully explored.

Epilogue: The Man, The Myth, The Mystery

Greg Chappell was a paradox—a batsman of unhurried grace, yet a captain of calculated ruthlessness. A master of concentration, yet at times prone to emotional volatility. A cricketer who sought perfection, yet a man who knew when to walk away.

More than his records, it is his method, his philosophy of batting, that endures. He did not just play cricket; he thought about it, dissected it, and mastered its mental intricacies. In that, his legacy is not just one of runs and victories, but of a mind that redefined the art of batting.

Even now, when one watches a young batsman play a pristine cover drive, or a captain weigh strategy with cold precision, there remains a trace of Greg Chappell—a ghost of his fierce focus, a shadow of his relentless pursuit of cricketing excellence.

Thank You 

Faisal Caesar 

The Mental Game of Batting: A Missing Element in Bangladesh’s Cricket

Batting, often regarded as an art form, extends far beyond technical prowess. The primary struggle for Bangladesh’s cricketers is not merely about technique, but something far more elusive: mental resilience. Despite access to quality coaching, the national side has repeatedly faltered due to erratic shot selection and an inability to bat under pressure, leading to significant defeats. It’s a sobering reminder that, at the highest level of cricket, it is temperament—not talent alone—that separates the exceptional from the ordinary.  

Greats like Sachin Tendulkar and Brian Lara exemplify this mastery of the mental dimension of cricket. Their batting was not just a demonstration of refined technique but also a testament to an unshakable mental routine. This deliberate mental preparation allowed them to confront any bowler, adapt to any situation, and build monumental innings. As former Australian captain Greg Chappell has outlined, success in batting hinges on three interconnected psychological stages: Awareness, Fne focus, and Fierce focus.

The Framework of Mental Routine in Batting  

Awareness:  

The first stage is a relaxed state of vigilance—a readiness without fixation. A batsman in this phase is fully conscious of the game’s rhythms and context but avoids over-focusing on any specific detail. This state is critical between deliveries and during moments of waiting to bat. It helps maintain calm and clarity, preventing mental fatigue from creeping in early. However, many Bangladeshi batters appear overwhelmed by external pressures during these moments, missing the opportunity to enter their innings with mental composure.

Fine Focus: 

As the bowler marks his run-up, the batsman shifts from broad awareness to what Chappell calls "fine focus." At this point, the batter’s attention narrows slightly, with subtle observations coming into play: the bowler’s body language, facial expressions, and emotional cues. Through this nuanced perception, great players gauge the bowler’s intentions even before the ball is released. Unfortunately, Bangladeshi players often struggle at this stage, either rushing into their stance or appearing preoccupied, missing valuable insights into the bowler’s strategy.

Fierce Focus: 

The final shift occurs at the moment of delivery. Here, the batsman achieves a state of complete concentration, with laser-sharp focus on the ball leaving the bowler’s hand. Peripheral distractions disappear, and the mind locks onto the point of release, making precise judgments on line, length, and movement. This heightened focus is essential to execute shots or defend correctly under pressure. Yet, for many Bangladeshi batsmen, the transition from awareness to fierce focus is inconsistent, resulting in hasty or ill-timed shots.  

Why Mental Discipline Remains Elusive for Bangladesh  

The issue plaguing Bangladesh’s batting is not the absence of talent—rather, it is the inability to internalize this mental framework. Players frequently fall into the trap of recklessness, indulging in needless strokes that betray impatience or insecurity. Such lapses suggest not only poor decision-making but also a failure to adopt the right psychological approach.  

Mental discipline requires conditioning that goes beyond the nets. It involves visualizing innings, managing emotions, and developing habits that foster situational awareness. The ability to transition smoothly through the phases of awareness, fine focus, and fierce focus is what allows batsmen like Tendulkar and Lara to respond instinctively rather than react impulsively. Bangladesh’s frequent batting collapses indicate that this crucial element is either inadequately addressed or lost in translation during coaching sessions.

A Path Forward: Nurturing Mental Fortitude  

Bangladesh must realize that at the elite level, cricket is as much a battle of minds as it is of skills. Building mental toughness requires persistent effort—psychological training, simulated pressure scenarios, and continuous reinforcement of focus routines. The team's management could also benefit from involving sports psychologists who specialize in mindfulness techniques, visualization, and handling high-stress situations. 

As long as Bangladeshi batsmen fail to master these mental routines, inconsistency will remain their Achilles' heel. Without mental clarity and discipline, technical brilliance will only shine sporadically. The journey toward sustained success, like Tendulkar’s iconic centuries or Lara’s marathon innings, will remain out of reach. Batting, after all, is not just a physical pursuit—it is a test of character, concentration, and the will to prevail.  

In the end, it’s not enough to teach technique; it’s essential to instil temperament. Until Bangladesh’s cricketers learn to harness their mental game, they will continue to flounder at the highest level, their potential unrealized, and their promise unfulfilled.

 

Thank You

Faisal Caesar